The best form of business ownership

The best type of business possession Free Online Research Papers Opening an organization can be a problematical methodology, pressed with choices from everything from picking a name for the organization just as to build up the most great structure of organization rights, for example, elite ownership, joint endeavor, a restricted risk organization (LLC) or an enterprise which is best for the business destinations of the organization and all people concerned. â€Å"There’s no set in stone decision that fits everybody. Your main responsibility is to comprehend the points of interest and inconveniences of each legitimate structure and pick the one that best meets your needs†. (Private venture Solutions). Directly, there are three natural sorts of organizations from an official purpose of investigation; sole ownership, association and partnership. Every one is different notwithstanding having huge ramifications for evaluation, lawful duty and movement. To settle on a choice of the best type of business association that is directly for the accompanying organizations, I will introduce a major discerning of the various types of business realistic. For every last one of the ensuing organizations, I will decide and give clarification what is the most fantastic class of possession for that specific organization. A Real Estate Broker: Will work as a Sole Proprietorship, nonetheless, that business can be set up as an (organizations) in a sole ownership, an individual plays out the capacities for the prospering procedure of the business. The proprietor makes sure about the benefits, builds up and works the business, expect all dangers, acknowledges all income, misfortunes and pays all tolls. (Independent venture Solution). Points of interest: Proprietor communicates intensity of judgment making, little beginning up use, all profit to owner, most extreme independence from law and assessment preferences to owner. Drawbacks: Trouble in raising assets, boundless responsibility and the need of association in business association in nonexistence of owner. (The New York Times). Annual Tax Preparer: Can be built up as an association, nonetheless, this business can begin with responsibility for (ownership, organization or a Corporation). Organization: A legitimate agreement between people who set up capital into organization by methods for a view to make a yield. To perceived the states of organization ensuring partners in the event to disbanding of the association. (USA Self Employed). Favorable circumstances: Restricted rule, practical duty points of interest, effectiveness of advancement, little set up costs, additional wellsprings of advantage speculation and more extensive association support. Disservices: Easier said than done to discover reasonable accomplices, unlimited lawful obligation, inconvenience in collecting included cash, isolated force, shy of dependability, accomplices can legally consolidate along with no previously mentioned understanding and likely improvement of contention among accomplices. (What is Partnership). A Skate Board Park, Vintage Clothing Store and a Toy Manufacturer would be organized as an enterprise. Partnership: An approved body which is disconnect and separate from its investors. Every investors has confined lawful duty. Loan boss amidst a case against the assets of the business would commonly have no social liberties contrary to its investors. (Harroch, R). Points of interest: Easier to expand head, limited responsibility, ownership is sensible; segregate approved unit, master management, continuous endurance and potential duty advantage. Disservices: contract confinements, generally expensive structure to oversee, carefully synchronized, wide scope of documentation upkeep required, twofold duties of profits, singular ensures challenge some level of legitimate obligation advantage and investors may maybe be considered lawfully responsible in guaranteed conditions. (Poznak Law Firm Ltd.) All things being equal, a solitary ownership be completely considered responsible for the sums exceptional just as committed interfacing with the business, though, at least two people can get together and structure an organization. Every individual consents to make accessible some segment of the activity and resources, to add to a couple of division of the salary, misfortunes or dependability, a company must have a least one proprietor. The most fundamental credit to a firm is that it a non human thing and it exists totally partition and separated from its proprietors. After one has best addresses your issues, your work is to welcome the prize and negative circumstance, course of action; select what is most amazing one that best go over our desires. Exploration Papers on The best type of business ownershipIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalOpen Architechture a white paperPETSTEL examination of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part OneThree Concepts of PsychodynamicNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceDefinition of Export QuotasHip-Hop is Art

Where Did Contemporary Liberal Feminism Come From †Womens Studies Essay

Where Did Contemporary Liberal Feminism Come From †Womens Studies Essay Free Online Research Papers Where Did Contemporary Liberal Feminism Come From Womens Studies Essay The efficient mistreatment of ladies, an implied social doctrine natural throughout the entire existence of western idea, was dependant upon the proceeded with polarization of two separating circles; one of ladies, who were controlled to the â€Å"private† circle of the home and family and also, the shared, â€Å"social† patriarch which commanded over it. The division of human public activity into open and private domains, and the downgrade of ladies into the last mentioned, is a chief wellspring of women’s impeded cultural position. On the other hand, backers of the convention of isolated circles regard the open space to be where the significant business of society is directed, while its paltry and insignificant delights are appreciated inside the private circle. Henceforth, the belief system of holiness and household delight, which incorporates the domain alloted to ladies, attempted to veil and support male tyranny in the home. It is that equivalent philosophy which hindered ladies from going into the workforce and getting gainful, serious members in the conventional work advertise. Thus, this male strength was strengthened by the idea of creation in industrialized social orders; nonetheless, the limits among private and open areas are not as unbending as its division appears to involve. They change truly and geologically, demonstrative of Canada’s social and social definition. The drudge required inside the development of new settlements, wherein the family fills in as both a social and monetary unit, obscured the division between people in general and private circles, both inside the homes and inside the brains of its occupants. Dark ladies explicitly would in general work outside the home, because of a result of bigotry, as their spouses couldn't bring in enough cash to help the family. In spite of a relief of women’s dynamic contribution over the span of the mid twentieth century, their accomplishments far surpassed what the suffragists had once conceived. Be that as it may, during the 1950s and 1960s women’s residential commitments, just as their mental self views, remained for all intent s and purposes the equivalent while their exercises changed fundamentally. Not just had they held their obligations regarding their families, all the while their support in the paid work power had expanded. To some degree to this the women’s development of the 1960s increased another driving force towards social change, one which concentrated more on the demolition of the man centric guideline instead of its confirmation. Combined with the adjustment of the women's activist teaching, the Canadian women’s development of the 1960s brought about expanded administrative portrayal and a reconfiguration of the relational peculiarity. During the 1960s, nobody expected the women’s development to reappear. Because of their monetary and political steadiness inside a prosperous after war Canada, ladies saw any residual dilemmas they had as brief impediments. Ladies were progressively getting the training expected to guarantee better-paying work. Subsequently, popular assessment with respect on their right side to work and to accomplish equivalent compensation, which had been legitimately ensured since 1950, started to increment; even in Quebec ladies had been liberated for very nearly an age. Despite the fact that there were as yet scarcely any ladies in the government Parliament, the custom of having one lady in the bureau seemed secure, while neighborhood legislators like Ottawa Mayor Charlotte Whitton kept on being profoundly obvious and vocal-frequently protesting a specific worry for the status of ladies. When the women’s freedom development originally picked up media consideration late in the decad e, first in France and afterward the United States, it was â€Å"part of an understudy development radicalized by bigotry and government ladies were to be ‘liberated,’ like minorities and frontier dependencies†. (80) This resurrection of woman's rights was simply deciphered as another, generally immaterial piece of a time of activism. In Canada, center despite everything stayed around the tricky conceptualization of a bound together phonetic social country. The topic of national solidarity underscored huge numbers of the government commonplace meetings and regal commissions. Consequently, the understudy revolt was â€Å"late and quieted and, similar to it, the ‘new’ women’s development was viewed as an American import†. (80) Despite this, there was general wonder when woman's rights demonstrated ready to tap enormous discontent among even the most special of ladies. Two sorts of complaints underlined the women’s development during the 1960s. Initial, an old set, arranged by its women's activist philosophies in prior times, which identified with the regions where ladies were viewed as essentially equivalent to men yet were dealt with â€Å"in an alternate, disadvantageous way, as a result prohibited from men’s rights and privileges†. Consequently, where the hindrances were formally down and ladies had the option to partake in ‘male’ spearheaded exercises, they did it without getting the pay men generally expected. Women's activists were to distinguish the supporting of this build through the idea of the ‘glass ceiling’: they could work for pay be that as it may, it would be not exactly their male partners got and accordingly, it turned out to be improbable for them to get effective through their own accomplishments. The second, new arrangement of complaints identified with women’s explicit cha racteristics and â€Å"characteristics that they had esteemed and thought society had acknowledged insufficiently†. The individuals who had prevailing with regards to open life found that their activities were being administered by a tyrannical male centric build. Thus, ladies needed to shroud their ladylike characteristics, disregard or disguise their private lives, â€Å"and get familiar with the â€Å"conflictual games [that their] mother never educated [them]†. Be that as it may, ladies needed to stay diverse without being oppressed. Or maybe, they needed acknowledgment for their significant characteristics, alongside security from their vulnerabilities in a male-ruled world. Women’s conditions according to the blend of local duties and paid work solidified the old and the new requests: â€Å"they were not made up for their ‘double shift’ of paid and unpaid work, they were not ensured against savagery in or out of the home, and their socially significant errands of open and private nurturance were unrecognized.† These conditions made individual disappointments which, regardless of being felt by the individual, kept on being to a great extent unvoiced. In the group, the subsequent complaints involved a progressively advantageous societyin which ladies were treated as equivalent yet in addition one in which open life had experienced changes because of women’s dynamic job inside it. A general public wherein â€Å"women were similarly powerful would be one that paid attention to women’s inclinations and experience, and that was changed by the result†. The key states of Canadian ladies were shared by ladies all through the industrialized world. This is demonstrative of why the revolt of the ladies understudies didn't in certainty die down in the mid 1970s like the exercises of the male-overwhelmed associations from which they disengaged. In addition, Canada’s recently obvious women's activist activism acquired the present circumstance, however the objectives of its forerunner gatherings. This happened to a limited extent because of the endurance of these constituent gatherings and their job in developing a ‘second wave’ of woman's rights. Notwithstanding, this manifestation was not a ‘rebirth of feminism’. Women's activist and women’s bunches had not dispersed at the triumphant finish of the testimonial crusades. Or maybe, all through the twentieth century, women’s developments moved â€Å"with their standard vitality to utilize the new instruments of impact for which they had battled so hard†. After emancipation, in spite of being occupied with less thought crusades and having less introduction, women’s exercises never stopped. Therefore, during the 1960s, with the rise of new groups, the pace animated and their perceivability expanded. Contemporary woman's rights, a manifestation of the understudy and social liberties developments of radical dissent during the 1960s, was a dynamic, advancing, politically drew in development. It was instrumental in affecting essential change in social practices and organizations. Woman's rights is â€Å"a hypothetical undertaking whose objects are to comprehend the severe social practices that inconvenience ladies and to contemplate women’s possibilities†. Thus, its radicalism is intelligent of the way that it comes to qualification at purposes of basic change. It both â€Å"abets this change and conceives it with a creative mind that goes past it†. Thus, there is a nearby association between women's activist practice, which focuses its exertion on changing social and material conditions, and women's activist hypothesis, which stretches out of that training and tells it. Hypothesis is â€Å"constantly changed by what it ends up being compelling practically spea king, and practice is molded by theory†. Consequently, any partition among hypothesis and practice empowers the procedure of relative investigation. Thusly, this record of moving women's activist hypotheses inside a Canadian setting is planned to portray the hypothetical structure in which the women's activist way of thinking has advanced in Canadian culture. Women's activist scholars start from the acknowledgment that, with regards to a male centric culture, people live various lives and subsequently, have various encounters. There is an endeavor to comprehend the force and benefit differential displayed among people. By investigating its origi

Writing a Strong Hook Sentence Start with a Knock-Out

Writing a Strong Hook Sentence Start with a Knock-Out “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times,” wrote Charles Dickens in his “A Tale of Two Cities.” This sentence, with its riddle-like structure that both challenges and enthralls the reader, is often used to define the hook sentence concept. As the name implies, a hook sentence “hooks” the reader from the get-go and keeps him actively engaged with the words on the page. Getting the reader’s attention early on in your essay is paramount to keeping his attention going so that he’ll actually want to read the rest of your work. The good news is that you don’t need Dickensian aspirations to come up with a killer hook sentence for a simple essay. Let’s look at how you can sell your reader on what your essay has to offer. Identify the Audience for Your Paper If you’re writing an essay, you likely are writing to please one person only â€" your instructor, teacher, or professor. In this case, your audience is clearly defined, and the hook sentence that you write for this type of essay may be completely different from the hook you might come up with if you were writing an essay to share in the school paper with your friends. The audience determines the message that you portray in your hook sentence; it should speak directly to the audience, and the audience should be able to easily relate to what you say on its own level. Figure Out What Matters to Your Audience It can also help to determine what matters to your audience. Your professor is looking for specific information; likely this means that you should demonstrate knowledge of the subject being discussed. The professor may also be looking for mastery of APA or MLA style elements. By contrast, if you’re writing an opinion piece for the newspaper, then write with an eye to appealing to like-minded readers with whom you share a common concern. Effective Hook Sentences There is no formula for creating a hook sentence, so let your creativity and a few proven strategies guide you. Consider these examples: Give advice. “If you want to have friends, you have to be a friend first.” Provide an anecdote. Use a short or unbelievable factoid or story about an incident or person to get the reader’s attention. “Mariah Carey lives in an apartment worth millions of dollars, but her sister is homeless.” Make a bold statement. “Before long, doctors will be able to print new kidneys using 3D printing systems.” State a contradiction. “Donald Trump claims he can balance the national budget, but he’s filed bankruptcy several times.” Define something as your hook. “Agoraphobics are people who do not go out of their homes for extended periods of time; some haven’t been shopping in years.” Present the reader with a dilemma. “Enforcing immigration laws keeps terrorists out of the country, but it also breaks up families and destroys lives.” Go for a quote. “We are all here on earth to help others; what on earth the others are here for, I don’t know” â€" W. H. Auden. Open with humor. “I am not afraid of death; I just don’t want to be there when it happens.” Ask the reader a rhetorical question. “What does it really mean to be bored?” Share a statistic or factoid. “As many as 80 percent of students report cramming for finals the night before.” Share a personal tidbit. “When I was growing up, there was no Internet, so kids looked up information in encyclopedias.” Ultimately, the hook sentence you choose should be one that sparks interest and that is directly relatable to what you plan to write and the style you choose for your essay. A good hook can make or break your essay, so put a little elbow grease into crafting yours to make your essay shine.

Evolution of Human - 3142 Words

Human evolution is the biological and cultural development of humans. A human is any member of the species Homo sapiens, meaning wise man. Since at least the Upper Paleolithic era, some 40,000 years ago, every human society has devised a creation myth to explain how humans came to be. Creation myths are based on cultural beliefs that have been adopted as a legitimate explanation by a society as to where we came from. The science of paleoanthropology, which also tries to create a narrative about how humans came to be, is deeply technical. Paleoantropology is the science of the evolution of humans, and it is the base of all research in that field. Humans have undergone many different changes during the last hundred million years, and it is†¦show more content†¦Associated with these changes is a gradual reduction in the size of the face and jaws. In early hominines, the face was large and positioned in front of the braincase. As the teeth became smaller and the brain expanded, the face became smaller and its position changed. Thus, the relatively small face of modern humans is located below, rather than in front of, the large, expanded braincase. Evidence of immediate relatives of the human species begins about five million years ago with the Australopithecus genus and leads in to the primitive Homo genus to modern humans. The nature of the human s evolution before that is uncertain, but scientists have hypothesized some ideas. What they do know is that between 7 and 20 million years ago, primitive apelike animals were widely distributed on the African and later on the Eurasian continents. Although many fossil bones and teeth have been found, the way of life of these creatures, and their evolutionary relationships to the living apes and humans, remain matters of strong disagreement among scientists. One of these fossil apes, known as Sivapithecus, appears to share many features with the living Asian great ape and the orangutan, whose direct ancestor it ma y well be. None of these fossils, however, offers convincing evidence of being on the evolutionary line leading to the hominid family generally. But they do help paint a picture of what early human relatives could have been like. The convincingShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution Of Human Evolution1103 Words   |  5 PagesHuman evolution according to research started over 6 million years ago. The outcome of the evolution process is the current human beings. Scientific studies have revealed over the years a remarkable affinity between the chimpanzees/Apes and human beings. Even though this reality is not a definitive prove that human beings evolved from apes, it does show that the human beings are in one way or another related to other primates. Scientists suppose that the humans and the primates shared a commonRead MoreThe Evolution Of Humans And Humans978 Words   |  4 PagesHumans have existed on Earth for approximately 3.4 million years. The oldest known human ancestor is Lucy, an Australopithecus. Over this extensive period of time, humans have evolved significantly. Homo Sapiens have grown from 3 to almost 6 feet (average), lost most of the body hair, became leaner and adapted to walking. Humans have come a long way, from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens, from living in trees to living in cities. Slowly, through hundreds of thousands of years, we mutated over andRead MoreHuman Evolution2755 Words   |  12 PagesHuman Evolution Human Evolution, the biological and cultural development of the species Homo sapiens, or human beings. A large number of fossil bones and teeth have been found at various places throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia. Tools of stone, bone, and wood, as well as fire hearths, campsites, and burials, also have been discovered and excavated. As a result of these discoveries, a picture of human evolution during the past 4 to 5 million years has emerged. Human Physical Traits Humans areRead MoreThe Evolution Of Modern Humans952 Words   |  4 PagesWhen we think about the evolution of modern humans we think about two basic theories. The first theory is the â€Å"Multiregional Variation theory which is the different human populations or cultures had independent origins and are evolved in isolation from one another. The second theory is the â€Å"Out of Africa â€Å"theory. This theory is basically when humans evolved in Africa between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago. After these humans evolved they left Africa after evolving. Both of these theories both supportRead MoreWhat is Human Evolution?674 Words   |  3 PagesHuman Evolution What is human evolution? Human evolution refers to a process in which human beings developed both physically and emotionally throughout centuries, evolution is mainly influenced by environmental factors, and sometimes people’s diet would also interrupt the way human beings evolve. Normally, human evolves for survivals, in order to get used to the climate, it is necessary for human beings to advance. Throughout millions of years, human beings have developed from the earliest hominidsRead MoreThe Course Of Human Evolution1676 Words   |  7 PagesThe course of human evolution can be represented by subsequent development of: 1. Australopithecus as the common anthropoid ancestor of the distinct group of hominids 2. Pithecanthropus as the earliest members of Homo also called Homo Habilis or Homo Erectus 3. Palaeoanthropus or Homo Neanderthalensis as the closest predecessor of Homo Sapiens 4. Homo Sapiens as the species to which all modern human beings belong and is the only one from genus Homo that is not extinct. According to modern conceptsRead MoreEssay on human evolution1305 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding human evolution and the history of psychology for the modern psychologist. For the human evolution, the essay will be addressing on how we and other species descended from our ancestors and how the different environment has helped to us to become more adaptable. Regarding the history of psychology, the essay will be discussing on how psychology branched off from the philosophy approach to become its own science. The essay will then go on discussing how the understanding of both human evolutionRead MoreThe Evolution Of Human Speech1392 Words   |  6 PagesThe Evolution of Human Speech As human we can communicate via our speaking ability to express our feelings, as a way to deliver the message we want another. These articles that I read discuss the anatomical prerequisite for humans to gain the ability to speak such as the absent and present of the air sac in hominids. Morphological changes of the face structure such as the reduced growth of the palate and the descent of the larynx. The controversial hypotheses of the hypoglossal canal size are indicativeRead More Human Evolution Essay2986 Words   |  12 PagesHuman Evolution Human evolution is the biological and cultural development of humans. A human is any member of the species Homo sapiens, meaning wise man. Since at least the Upper Paleolithic era, some 40,000 years ago, every human society has devised a creation myth to explain how humans came to be. Creation myths are based on cultural beliefs that have been adopted as a legitimate explanation by a society as to where we came from. The science of paleoanthropology, which also tries to createRead More Human Evolution Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Evolution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When people take a look at African history in general many topics and ideas come to mind. How the people of Africa lived, how they developed civilizations and cultures, and how their oral traditions came about are just a few examples. When I am trying to learn about different groups of people and different areas of the world I most likely start at the very beginning of their existence. Africa being the origin of man and the home for the majority of developments of early humans

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Stanza 74 - 1376 Words

In stanza 74, fit III, the lady of the castle offers a magical, green girdle to Sir Gawain and explains to him that the wearer of this corset quot;cannot be killed by any cunning on earth.quot; Sir Gawain, amidst an ethical dilemma, accepts the gift and chooses to conceal it from Lord Bertilak. This passage contains three of the main themes of the story Ââ€" the inner and outer conflicts between Sir Gawains ethics and desire to live, and the test of religion. When Sir Gawain is offered the girdle, his knightly principles are questioned. The honorable thing would be to reject the offer or bring it to the lord of the castle, but Gawain places the preservation of his life ahead of chivalry. The knight has withstood the ladys constant†¦show more content†¦Gawain is let off the hook and sent on his way. When Sir Gawain returns to Camelot, he recalls his story, humiliated and humbled. The members of King Arthurs court, however, feel that Sir Gawain has done well and attempt to cheer the knight up. They do not feel that Sir Gawain has done anything immoral and let it pass as they continue their revelry. The third of the primary themes of the poem is the test of Sir Gawains faith and devotion to God. Gods presence is prominent throughout the entire poem, as he helps Sir Gawain and leads him on the correct path. Sir Gawains acceptance of the girdle shows his lack of faith in Gods protection; he sees himself as a Christian knight, but, rather than trusting in Gods protection, commits a sin to protect himself. At this point in the story, however, there is no reason to doubt God - God had protected Sir Gawain during his journey, God had directed him to the area near the Green Chapel, and when Gawain needed a place to worship on Christmas Eve, God led him to the castle in the woods. Gawain remained pious as he refused his hostesss constant advances, but when he is given the easy chance to save himself from the blade of the Green Knight, he forsakes God and forgets all that He has done to help him. In this aspect, Morgan represents Satan; using the lady of the castle as her puppet, she end eavors to tempt Sir Gawain and lead him away from God. When her original, sexual attemptsShow MoreRelatedEssay Sir Gawain And The Green Knight: Stanza 741332 Words   |  6 Pages In stanza 74, fit III, the lady of the castle offers a magical, green girdle to Sir Gawain and explains to him that the wearer of this corset amp;quot;cannot be killed by any cunning on earth.amp;quot; Sir Gawain, amidst an ethical dilemma, accepts the gift and chooses to conceal it from Lord Bertilak. This passage contains three of the main themes of the story – the inner and outer conflicts between Sir Gawain’s ethics and desire to live, and the test of religion. When Sir Gawain is offeredRead More The Role of Women in Sir Gawain and The Green Knight Essay1612 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Women in Sir Gawain and The Green Knight Sir Gawain and The Green Knight is an example of medieval misogyny. Throughout Medieval literature, specifically Arthurian legends like Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the female characters, Guinevere, the Lady, and Morgan leFay are not portrayed as individuals but social constructs of what a woman should be. Guinevere plays a passive woman, a mere token of Arthur. The Lady is also a tool, but has an added role of temptress and adulteressRead MoreThe Metrics Of English Literature4721 Words   |  19 Pagesaspirations. Set within Denmark and Geat the warrior slays monsters and goes on to become King of Geatland, however, meets an unfortunate end when slaying a dragon threatening his country. This being a similar comparison to today’s well-known medieval knight in literature: King Arthur. However being separated by hundreds of years, the style of writing has significantly changed. Arthurian stories and tales are based on chivalry with characters that may have been seen as believable in nature besides the

SSD2 Module 4 Notes Essay - 28478 Words

MODULE 04 Cross-Cultural Competency Culture Culture is the pattern of action and the ways of perceiving, feeling, and thinking acquired growing up in a particular group of people Ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is the attitude held by the members of a culture that theirs is the only true, right, and best way to view and act in the world. Cultural relativism Cultural relativism is the idea that human behavior, ideas, and emotions must be understood in the context of the whole culture in which they occur. Culture shock Culture shock is the feelings of alienation, hostility, heightened ethnocentrism, sense of loss, depression and/or self doubt that may result from immersion in a new culture. Subcultures Subcultures are groups within complex†¦show more content†¦Things that we would call beliefs are often thought of by other cultures as just the way things are - matters of fact, not opinion. Religious belief systems in particular and other aspects of locals world view can be driving motivators for conflict; economics is not the only reason people fight. Power Systems In most cultures, any visible formal power structure will lie over a more fundamental, less formal, structure of influence. This underlying power system will often be based on patron-client relations, in which patrons become influential by acquiring clients who owe them favors. Often, this takes a pyramid form as more powerful patrons acquire clients who have clients of their own. Interacting directly with this patron-client power system can be more effective than trying to deal with people in overt formal positions of power. Kinship Kinship is usually much more of a cohesive social force in non-Western societies. Kin group members internalize a corporate identity - the family is viewed as an extension of the self. Often large, pyramid-shaped kin groups - usually descendants of one man (or, rarely, woman) and their dependents - serve to organize political, military, economic, and religious activities. City vs Country People in the city generally have much different ways of living and worldviews than people in the country. Adherence to rural customs may begin to slacken, groups of acquaintances and

Customer satisfaction and loyalty of hyundai free essay sample

The history of the automobile begins as early as 1769, with the creation of steam engined automobiles capable of human transport. [1] In 1806, the first cars powered by an internal combustion engine running on fuel gas appeared, which led to the introduction in 1885 of the ubiquitous modern gasoline- or petrol-fueled internal combustion engine. The year 1886 is regarded the year of birth of the modern automobile with the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, by German inventor Carl Benz. Cars powered by electric power briefly appeared at the turn of the 20th century, but largely disappeared from use until the turn of the 21st century. The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, and size and utility preferences. 1. 1HISTORY OF CARS Old Engraving depicting the 1771 crash of Nicolas Joseph Cugnots steam-powered car into a stone wall. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer satisfaction and loyalty of hyundai or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The automobile as we know it was not invented in a single day by a single inventor. The history of the automobile reflects an evolution that took place worldwide. Starting with the first theoretical plans for a motor vehicle that had been drawn up by both Leonardo da Vinci and Isaac Newton. In 1769, the very first self-propelled road vehicle was a military tractor invented by French engineer and mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot (1725 1804). Cugnot used a steam engine to power his vehicle, built under his instructions at the Paris Arsenal by mechanic Brezin. It was used by the French Army to haul artillery at a whopping speed of 2 1/2 mph on only three wheels. The vehicle had to stop every ten to fifteen minutes to build up steam power. The steam engine and boiler were separate from the rest of the vehicle and placed in the front (see engraving above). The following year (1770), Cugnot built a steam-powered tricycle that carried four passengers. Early Electric Cars Steam engines were not the only engines used in early automobiles. Vehicles with electrical engines were also invented. Between 1832 and 1839 (the exact year is uncertain), Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first electric carriage. Electric cars used rechargeable batteries that powered a small electric motor. The vehicles were heavy, slow, expensive, and needed to stop for recharging frequently. INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN MARKET The present Indian economy is characterized by increasing in the consumption rate. Today Indian market is exposed to a lot of competitions not only from the domestic players but also global players. The competition in the market is driving every manufacturer to cut costs and focus on satisfying the customer which will surely help him retain his market share and also to enhance it. The customers delight in the business world of marketing today. All the marketers are oriented themselves towards it. 1. 2 MARKETING MARKET The term market is derived from the Latin word ‘Marcatus’ which means trade, merchandise or plan of business. It means interaction of the buyers and sellers in the person or through telephone, telegraph, mail etc. MARKETING Marketing is a comprehensive term. It is not a mere exchange of goods and services. It includes all those activities connected with the process of identifying the needs of the customer and then organizing the business accordingly to meet the needs of the consumer. â€Å"Marketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and group obtain what they need and want through creating, offering and exchanging products of value with others†. Philip Kotler â€Å"Marketing is the total system of interacting business activities designed to plan, price, promote, and distribute wants satisfying products and service, to present and potential customers†. Professor William Stanton. CONSUMER PERCEPTION The term perception refers to the complete act of ‘perceiving’ and involving of the psychological factors. Perception is the process by which the mind receives organizes and interprets a particular thing. It is estimated that 90 percent of the stimuli that the individual perceives come through sight and the rest from learning. Price is another element of marketing mix where perception has its implication. The basis of perception We know that sight perception depends on the flow of photons in through the pupils and absorbed in the retina. Therefore with the operation of our senses we do know there is something there can and is influencing the sensory mechanisms within ourselves but we do not necessarily know what it is that is causing the sense of experience. This gives rise to two levels of perception. The first is called immediate perception and is totally physical the operation of the physical universe following its mechanistic path ways, some of which happen to occur as neural events in our brain. The second level of perception is the interpretative perception where our psychology and attention is implicated in the perceptual act. Immediate perception is direct mediated only by physiology of perceiving species. Moving beyond immediate perception such as when a person attends to what they are perceiving, then all the well known aspects come to the fore. The obvious consequence is that we do not necessarily perceive that which we immediately perceive. The mechanism of immediate perception area set of physical events in the physical universe. The external reality is generating a perpetual field that is influencing the eye, which in turn is influencing the neurons of the visual cortex. The visual cortex is the reacting part. The interaction of the visual cortex with other parts of the brain and central nervous systems represented by the arrows to thought and emotion is the beginning of the analysis of the complete act of perception involving the emotive and interpretative elements. This model of immediate perception says that we immediately perceive reality via the effect a perceptual field has no sensory apparatus of our physiology. The study of consumers helps firm and organizations improve their marketing strategies by understanding issues such as: The psychology of how consumers think, feel, reason, and select between different alternatives ( e. g. brands, products). The psychology of how the consumer is influenced by his or her environment (e. g. , culture, family, signs, media). The behavior of consumers while shopping or making other marketing decisions. Limitations in consumer knowledge or information processing abilities influence decisions and marketing outcome. How consumer motivation and decision strategies differ between products that differ in their level of importance or interest that they entail for the consumer. How marketers can adopt and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to more effectively reach the consumer. Understanding these issues help us adopt our strategies by taking the consumer into consideration. We also learn that consumer’s will sometimes be persuaded more by logical arguments, but at other times will be persuaded more by emotional or symbolic appeals. By understanding the consumer, we will be able to make a more informed decision as to which strategy to employ. CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR One official definition of consumer behavior is â€Å"The study of individuals groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, dispose of products, services experiences or idea to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. † This definition brings up some useful points. ?Behavior occurs either for the individual, or in the context of a group (e. g. , friend’s influence what kinds of clothes person wears) or an organization (people on the job make decisions as to which products the firm should use). ?Consumer behaviour involves the use and disposal of products as well as the study of how they are purchased. Product use is often of great interest to the marketer, because this may influence how a product is best positioned or how we can encourage increased consumption. Since many environmental problems result from product disposal (e. g. , motor oil being sent to sewage systems to save the recycling fee, or garbage piling up at landfill) this is also an area of interest. ?Customer behavior involves services and ideas as well as tangible products. ?The impact of consumer behavior on society is also of relevance. For example, aggressive marketing of high fat foods or aggressive marketing of easy credit may be serious repercussions for the national health and economy. There are several units in the market that can be analyzed. The main trust in this course is the consumer. However we will also need to analyze our own firm’s strengths and weaknesses and those of competing firms. Finally, we need to assess the marketing environment although we may have developed a product that offers great appeal for consumers a recession may cut demand dramatically. WHO IS THE CUSTOMER? We all think of customers as the people who sit at our tables and pay for the goods and services purchased. But they are individuals in their own right. They may be business people, tourists, youngsters, retired couples or celebrities. They cannot be looked upon as an amorphous group their needs are different and your service should reflect that. †¢A customer is the most important person in our business. †¢A customer is a person who comes to us with needs and wants and it is our job to handle them in a manner that is profitable to him/her and ourselves. †¢A customer is not a cold statistic; he/she is a human being with feelings and deserves to be treated with respect. †¢A customer is not an interruption to our work he is the purpose of it. We are not doing him a favour by serving him, he is doing us a favour by giving us the opportunity to do so. †¢A customer deserves the most courteous attention we can give. Customers are not dependent on us, we are dependent on them ! A Customer is anyone who receives the work you do! CUSTOMER SATISFACTION Winning customers hearts and minds is increasingly important to customer acquisition and customer retention. It is no coincidence that customer satisfaction research accounts for much of market research activities. As competitive advantage and differentiation is achieved through product innovation and service performance (rather than competing on cost), it is vital to monitor and manage customer satisfaction levels. Customer satisfaction is not just about service levels or product attributes. It can be seen as a function of two main components: ? perceptions of product and service levels received ?expectation of product and service levels Customer satisfaction is therefore concerned with service delivery/product performance and expectation management. Customer satisfaction research delivers key benefits: †¢understanding the underlying drivers of satisfaction †¢identification of trigger points where satisfaction management is most needed †¢prioritisation of action areas (minimum input for maximum return) †¢Identification of customer-supplier interactions, internal processes and departments most likely to cause satisfaction/dissatisfaction. Impact on loyalty and propensity to recommend; a vital bottom line measurement CUSTOMER SATISFACTION ALSO HELPS YOU TO GET TO GRIPS WITH Customer Expectations Attitude and Behaviour Personal Appearance Maintaining Standards Handling Complaints Getting it Right First Time COMPANY PROFILE 2. 1 ORIGIN OF THE COMPANY HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY The Hyundai Motor Company (HMC) was founded in 1947 as Hyundai Engineering and Construction Co. by the late Ju-Yung Chung. Hyundai Motor Company, established in 1967, is the auto sales leader in the Korean domestic market and exports vehicles to 190 countries worldwide. Hyundai Motor Company operates the worlds largest integrated automobile manufacturing facility in Ulsan, on Koreas southeast coast. In 1996, Hyundai opened the Namyang Technology Research Center, which includes a complete testing facility with a 2. 8-mile oval test track and a new $40 million aero acoustic wind tunnel. That same year, 1996, HMC began production at its state-of-the-art Asan Plant, located southeast of Seoul. Hyundai now operates eight research centers in Korea along with four international centers, including Hyundai America Technical Center, Inc. in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and the Hyundai California Design Center in Irvine, California. Hyundais automotive technology centers employ approximately 4,100 researchers with an annual budget of five percent of current revenues. Current research projects include: electric-powered vehicles, low-emission gasoline engines, solar-powered vehicles, hydrogen-powered fuel cell vehicles and other alternative fuel vehicles. Hyundai Motor India Limited (HMIL) Hyundai Motor India Limited (HMIL) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Hyundai Motor Company, S. Korea and is the second largest and the fastest growing car manufacturer in India. HMIL presently markets over 18 variants of passenger cars across four models, the Santro in the B segment, the Accent in the C segment, the Sonata in the E segment and the Santa Fe in the SUV segment 2. 2 MARKET SHARE When Hyundai Motor India Ltd (HMI) started producing cars at a place called Irrungattukottai near the South Indian city of Chennai in September 1998 Cut to 2004. The integrated manufacturing plant set up at an initial investment of US$ 614 million is now the largest manufacturing facility of Hyundai outside Korea. Hyundai India has a market share of about 20 per cent, and its plant rolls out about 600 700 cars per day in two shifts. Hyundai India today sells not two but seven brands Santro, i10, i20, Verna, Elantra, Sonata and Santa Fe. These cars are sold and serviced by a national network of 300 sales and service outlets. HMI’s Santro and Accent are India’s largest selling brands in the B and C segments. The Santro was rated the Best Small Car in the JD Power Asia Pacific Initial Quality and APEAL studies for three years in a row, and continues to be one of India’s three most preferred compact cars. The same car is now making important inroads in Europe. Hyundai India sold 42,113 cars in 2012-13, and this year, the are planning to target the largest and most competitive market of them all now, with localisation levels of over 90 percent and the capability to produce world-class automobiles, Hyundai has made India its small carhub. Businessworld magazine reported in January this year that Hyundai is upping its annual export capacity so that by 2013 it can export 500,000 small cars from its production base in Chennai. The market shares of leading players for the month of Mar, 2013 is as given below. COMPANYMARKET SHARE Maruti 42. 4 % Hyundai Motors24. 4 % Mahindra09. 9 % Chevrolet11. 5 % Volkswagen03. 9 % Honda02. 1 % Toyota01. 7 % Others04. 1 % TOTAL100 % A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF TRIDENT HYUNDAI Introduction Trident Hyundai started in 1998 at Bangalore with 30 employees and just one Customer Care Centre. Today, Trident Hyundai has over 600 employees spread over Bangalore, Shimoga and Davengere. The philosophy Drive Home a Relationship is a way of work life and is reflected in our deep rooted commitment almost bordering on obsession towards customer satisfaction. This has helped us in setting up new benchmarks in dealership operation and procedures that has been replicated by other automobile dealers in India. We are recipients of many accolades for excellence in the areas of sales, services and finance. We are also an ISO 9001:2000 Company accredited by TUV and have joined the elite group. Trident Hyundai offers a perfect career for those who have the flair to excel at work. Freedom of expression and a conducive work environs foster the employees to exploit their talents to the fullest abilities. Palace Orchard at Bangalore has virtually become a landmark of Countrys few multilevel automobile dealership. Our Customer Care Centres are conveniently spread at Yeshwanthpur, Indira Nagar, JP Nagar, Sheshadripuram and Kalyan Nagar with state-of-the-art equipments and qualified technicians to cater customer needs. Our goal extends beyond customer satisfaction and we are committed in achieving total Customer Delight. BRANCHES Trident Hyundai 46/4, Garvebhavi Palya, Begur Hobli Hosur Road Bangalore 560068 Tel: 080-43433222 Trident Hyundai No. 9, HAL Airport Road, Kodihalli, Next to Carlton Towers Bangalore-560014 Tel: 080-43431111 Trident Hyundai No. 1, Lower Palace Orchards Sankey Road, Next to Cauvery Theater Bangalore 560003 Tel: 080-43433333 Trident Hyundai No. 111,122 125, B Narayanpura, K. R Puram, Bangalore-560016 Tel: 080-67879191 2. 4 PRODUCT PROFILE A. Hatchbacks SANTRO Xing Santro Xing with it’s new aerodynamic styling, power-assisted brakes, the advanced suspensions, the uniquely responsive technology is as much a magnificent creation of our drive to delight you as much as a benchmark in engineering excellence. Santro is being produced exclusively in India and the Indian Xing will now drive the World. I10 1. The BSIV compliant 1. 2 Kappa2 engine with VTVT achieved a spectacular fuel mileage of 20. 36 km/litre 2. Best in class ARAI-Certified fuel efficiency among petrol cars in India I20 The Winner of the Prestigious ‘Viewer’s Choice Of The Year’ and ‘Desighn Of The Year’ Awards, the i20 is all set to sweep you of your feet once again. Reflecting Hyundais design identity, fluidic sculpture, the new i20 boasts more aggressive and stylish design, giving you extra confidence on the road. The New Hyundai i20 is full of clever technology and smart features. Automatic headlamps, Rain Sensing wipers, Cluch lock function, a rear view parking camera and rear parking sensors are standard on Style models EON B. Sedans Verna Fluidic The 1. 6 L VTVT engine is a powerhouse which is refined to deliver best-in-segment [emailprotected] 6300 rpm leaving the competition way behind. The engine is tuned to generate optimum efficiency without compromising on power. The new Verna also offers a 1. 4 L VTVT which boasts of similarly unbeatable performance and best-in-segment mileage of 17. 43 Km/L. The Verna features an ABS system and six airbags, including dual front airbags, curtain airbags and side airbags, for better safety ELANTRA The New Elantra comes perfectly handy for all occasions. Speed, agility and power come as standard equipment in Elantra. The design is a culmination of European styling and delightful functionality SONATA Sonata’s sophistication really shines from all angles together with its impressive rear view with its subtle curvature, fine details and unique rear combination lamps. The Sonata is built like a fortress. The car body incorporates numerous structural protection elements like, dual side impact beams, the energy absorbing collapsible steering column, front and rear crumple zones, cross-bar under the dashboard, engine sub-frame and reinforced bumpers together with the ABS (Anti-locking Braking System), TCS (Traction Control System) and the optional SRS airbag which provides maximum C. SUV Santa Fe The Santa Fes craftsmanship is inspired by the heart and completed with technology. You will continue to be pleaseantly surprised by the features you discover throughout the vehicle when driving or parked. SAFETY ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM(ABS) All cars come with few variants fitted with the revolutionary ABS, as a standard feature. ABS provides improved braking performance and directional stability on slippery surfaces CRUMPLE ZONE The crumple zones in the new Santro Xing have been further reinforced to conform to the strictest of global safety norms and tested for frontal and offset impact in the most gruelling test track conditions, so that you drive away with complete peace of mind. The steering column is fully collapsible and minimizes risk of chest injuries in the event of a frontal impact The passenger cabin is an original three-box design and is protected by reinforced steel sections in the front and back, dual side-impact bars on all doors and large crumple zones in front and rear. The Accent has been Crash Tested to conform to global safety norms and provides optimum driver and passenger safety Specially designed to protect the passengers in the event of panic braking, these seats prevent the occupants from sliding forward and hurting themselves. The Sonata incorporates numerous structural reinforcements like dual side-impact beams, an energy- absorbing collapsible steering column, front rear crumple zones, cross-bar under the dashboard, an engine sub-frame and reinforced bumpers that make the car a virtual fortress on wheels. The SRS Driver and Passenger Airbags come as standard on the Sonata V6 and as an option on the Sonata Gold. They come as an exclusive package together with ELR Seat Belts and Seat Belt Pretensioners and Load Limiters and provide maximum protection. Integrated with ABS, the EBD apportions braking power between the front and the rear axles according to the number of passengers and weight of the cargo in the trunk for safer, straight line stops. The handsomely sculptured headlamps cluster with four bulbs clear lens ensures superior nighttime visibility. The projection type fog lamps comes handy in inclement weather conditions. The science of absolute control. Prevents skidding on a slippery road or during harsh braking, also maintains steer ability. Electronically apportions the brake force between the four wheels for optimum braking performance. Safety Cell Construction The protective safety cell sits between fore and aft crumple zones that absorb impact forces and keep the driver and passengers out of harms way. Side Impact Protection Front and rear doors are reinforced with special high tensile strength steel members that help absorb side impact forces. Seat-Belt Seat belt pretensioner with load limiter reduces the risk of chest injuries. The ultimate in driver and passenger safety. Detects slip in the rear wheel pulls the vehicle out of difficult unsafe terrain. The ladder frame chassis constructed of heavy-duty gauge steel is designed to withstand massive twisting flexing safely. The superbly silent HVAC system in the Accent maintains the most comfortable climate inside the car irrespective of the outside temperature. An ultra-sensitive automatic temperature sensing coupled with a powerful aircon and heating system delivers omni-directional air-flow through specially designed flow control ducts and instantly responds to external temperature changes to keep the cabin climate perfect. The Noise, Vibrations and Harshness dampering is a function of the intelligent design of the Accent. Every single component in this car has been designed to work in perfect harmony so that you can enjoy complete peace and quiet inside your car. This feature makes sure that your driving experience in an Accent is not just effortless, but fun as well. While the steering wheel can be easily Tilted at different convenient angles for easy adjustment, the Power steering gives you greater control of the vehicle, not only in city driving conditions but also in case of accidents like tyre bursts. The Accent comes equipped with a tilt a height cushion adjustment along with sliding and reclining controls that ensure perfect posturing and the best back and thigh support for a completely relaxed driving experience. 3. 5 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Hyundai, as a responsible corporate citizen is committed to sustainable social development and the preservation of the environment. All the companys key manufacturing units, including the Indian plant have the ISO 14001 certification for its Environment management practices. As a part of its social responsibility programs, the company conducts various campaigns to spread awareness of in-car safety and safe driving practices, particularly targeted against drunken driving, speeding. As a part of its community development projects, the company has adopted a few villages around its factory in Tamilnadu and has been working towards the social and economic development of these villages, assisting them in the areas of primary health care, education, basic amenities and employment opportunities. 3. 6 AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMINTS -SONATA RANKED MOST DEPENDABLE MIDSIZE CAR J. D. POWER AND ASSOCIATES 2013 VEHICLE DEPENDABILITY STUDY -ELANTRA SEDAN EARNS A 2013 ALG’S HIGHEST RESIDUAL VALUE AWARD -SANTA FE RECEIVES A 2013 ALG’S HIGHEST RESIDUAL VALUE AWARD. ELANTRA – NAMED ONE OF THE 10 BEST GREEN CARS OF 2012 BY KELLEY BLUE BOOK’S KBB. COM. ELANTRA HAS EARNED THIS AWARD FOR THE SECOND STRAIGHT YEAR 3. 7 FUTURE PROSPECTS The RD team focuses on the development of new products and technologies that include interior and exterior design changes, development of new generation engines and alternate fuel systems, concept vehicles and advanced passenger safety and comfort systems, in line with evolving customer preferences across the globe. Recent successes of the team include the development of the Hyundai patented Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) engine in association with Detroit Diesel and the award winning Fuel Cell Santa FE. EFFORTS Some of the ongoing projects that the Hyundai RD team is involved in include the development of the World Engine in association with Daimler Chrysler and Mitsubishi and the development of Automotive Telematics in association with IBM. That the efforts of the Hyundai RD team has paid great dividends to the company is evident from the fact that the companys newly engineered products like the Santa Fe and the Getz have made waves in the global automotive markets and the US Consumer Reports magazine has ranked Hyundai cars in level with that of Honda in its recent quality rankings Hyundai Motor India has been awarded the benchmark ISO 14001 certification for its sustainable environment management practices. Living up to its commitment of providing global standards of quality and process management in India, Hyundai had put in place an Environment Management System (EMS)at its manufacturing plant in Chennai right from its project stage. The certification process was completed in a record time of 10 months with Zero NCRs. The assessment was done by TUV SUDDEUTSCHLAND and covered areas like Awareness Training, Technology Upgradation, Recycling, Waste Management and fulfilling Government Regulations. HMI is also working on a backward integration strategy that will support vendors of the company in implementing EMS. Hyundai Motor Company, S. Korea, the parent of HMI, has been doing considerable work on sustainable Environment Management The company has a well defined framework in place for developing products that reduce pollutant emissions and processes for preservation of natural resources and energy along all the stages of the product lifecycle from production, sales, use to disposal. The company has also been in the forefront of development of environment friendly technologies like Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) and has been awarded the ISO 14001 certification for all its three major plants in Ulsan, Asan and Jeonju in S. Korea.

Resarch and Statistics Paper Psy 315 Essay Example

Resarch and Statistics Paper Psy 315 Essay Research and Statistics Paper Psy 315 Define and explain research and define and explain the scientific method (include an explanation of all five steps). Proper Research is primarily an investigation. Researchers and scientists gather data, facts, and knowledge to help better understand phenomenon, events and people. Through research, analysis, investigations, and experimentation, we gain a better understanding of our world. As I skimmed the text to find a definition, I found the word research several times on several of the pages in the first chapter. Research is fundamental to any scientific enterprise and statistics is no exception. The scientific method is the set of procedures that enable scientists and researchers to conduct investigations and experiments. Scientists observe an event and then form a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an educated guess about how something works. These researchers then perform experiments that support the hypothesis or these experiments prove it wrong. A conclusions can be made from the investigations and experiments with the data collected and analyzed. The conclusion helps to prove or disprove validity of the hypothesis. There are several steps that are followed in the scientific method. The steps to this method can be followed by answering questions before and along the way of the investigation. The scientific method can have five steps. The researcher asks themselves these questions and tries o find the answers: 1. What event or phenomenon are we investigating? 2. How does this event occur? A guess as to how the event happens is formed. This is our hypothesis. 3. How can we test this hypothesis? The experimenter then tests the hypothesis through experiments. 4. Are the results looking valid? We will write a custom essay sample on Resarch and Statistics Paper Psy 315 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Resarch and Statistics Paper Psy 315 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Resarch and Statistics Paper Psy 315 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The researcher records the observations. Does the experiment need to be changed? Possibly, the researcher adjusts the experiment as the data helps to fine tune the investigation. 5. Does the data support the hypothesis? The researcher analyzes the data. The analysis will have statistical information that is crucial to the investigator. Without statistics, there can be no real scientific analysis of the investigation or experiment. The analysis will tell the researcher if the hypothesis is supported or if they are in essence incorrect. Authors: Cowens, John Source: Teaching Pre K-8, Aug/Sep2006, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p42-46, 3p, 6 Color Photographs, 1 Graph Informastion from: Cowens, J. (2006, August/September). The scientific method. Teaching PreK-8, 37(1), 42. Define and substantively compare and contrast the characteristics of primary and secondary data (not sources). There are two ways that researchers obtain data, primary and secondary. Primary data is collected by the person conductin g the investigation. Secondary data is collected from other sources. Primary data is information collected that is specifically geared toward the investigation. This specificity is a plus for primary data. Primary data can be expensive to collect due to the expense of experimentation and surveys. The man hours can be high and the cost can be high. The time it takes to collect original data can be long and grueling. Secondary data can be a good resource due to the ease of availability. Secondary data can be less expensive and less time consuming. However, secondary data may be information that is not as specific to the investigation or collected for a different specific purpose. Rabianski J. Primary and Secondary Data: Concepts, Concerns, Errors, and Issues. Appraisal Journal [serial online]. January 2003;71(1):43. Available from: Business Source Complete, Ipswich, MA. Accessed March 11, 2013 Explain the role of statistics in research. (Keep the focus within the field of psychology). - Statistics plays a very large role in the field of psychology. Statistics is vital to research in any field of science. Before statistics and even now, people want to know if there is a real cause and effect when they experience an event. Early man (let’s call him Grog) would step out of his drab cave in the early morning. Grog would perhaps spot an eagle soaring across a beautiful clear blue sky. Our early man, Grog may then have a great day of hunting. Later, Grog would reflect and think about his good day and remember the early morning eagle. Grog would tell and possibly re-tell the tale to his fellow cave people. The appearance of the early morning eagle would become a â€Å"clear† and significant sign or omen that the day’s hunt would be good. This would be especially true if the omen appeared and the hunt was good more than once. Is this statistically significant? Grog did not have the proper tools ( not paper or stone or computer) nor the brain power to do the statistical procedures on his observations. This appearance and the resulting good hunt could be a real significant event with true cause and effect or it could be pure chance and be nothing more than flimsy anecdotal evidence. Unfortunately for Grog, he did not have statistics or the expertise to perform the required investigations of proper research. Often, psychologists want to know what a person will do when confronted with a certain situation or stimulus or event. With inferential statistics researchers/psychologists use the information/data to infer or to make a conclusion based on the data from the research. â€Å"Probability† is derived from inferential statistics. How probable is it that a person will act a certain way can be answered through inferential/probability studies. - The Cult of Statistical Significance By Stephen T. Ziliak and Deirdre N. McCloskey1 - Roosevelt University and University of Illinois-Chicago - â€Å"The Cult of Statistical Significance† was presented at the Joint Statistical Meetings, Washington, DC, August 3rd, 2009, in a contributed session of the Section on Statistical Education. For comments Ziliak thanks many individuals, but especially Sharon Begley, Ronald Gauch, Rebecca Goldin, Danny Kaplan, Jacques Kibambe Ngoie, Sid Schwartz, Tom Siegfried, Arnold Zellner and above all Milo Schield for organizing an eyebrow-raising and standing-room only session. - - Psychological Research Methods and Statis tics Edited by Andrew M. Colman 1995, London and New York: Longman. Pp. xvi + 123. ISBN 0-582-27801-5 Research in psychology or in any other scientific field invariably begins with a question in search of an answer. The question may be purely factual for example, is sleep-walking more likely to occur during the stage of sleep in which dreams occur, namely rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, than in dreamless (slow-wave) sleep? Alternatively, it may be a practical question for example, can the use of hypnosis to recover long-forgottenexperiences increase the likelihood of false memories? According to current research findings, incidentally, the answers to these questions are no and yes respectively. ) A research question may arise from mere curiosity, from a theory that yields a prediction, or from previous research findings that raise a new question. Whatever its origin, provided that it concerns behaviour or mental experience and that it can be expressed in a suitable form for investigatio n by empirical methods that is, by the collection of objective evidence it is a legitimate question for psychological research. Psychological research relies on a wide range of methods. This is partly because it is such a diverse discipline, ranging from biological aspects of behaviour to social psychology and from basic research questions to problems that arise in such applied fields as clinical, educational, and industrial or occupational psychology. Most psychological research methods have the ultimate goal of answering empirical questions about behaviour or mental experience through controlled observation. But different questions call for different research methods, because the nature of a question often constrains the methods that can be used to answer it. This volume discusses a wide range of commonly used methods of research and statistical analysis. The most powerful research method is undoubtedly controlled experimentation. The reason for the unique importance of controlled experiments in psychology is not that they are necessarily any more objective or precise than other methods, but that they are capable of providing firm evidence regarding cause-and-effect relationships, which no other research method can provide. The defining features of the experimental method are manipulation and control. The experimenter manipulates the conjectured causal factor (called the independent variable because it is manipulated independently of other variables) and examines its effects on a suitable measure of the behaviour of interest, called the dependent variable. In multivariate research designs, the interactive effects of several independent variables on two or more dependent variables may be studied simultaneously. In addition to manipulating the independent variable(s) and observing the effects on the dependent variable(s), the experimenter controls all other extraneous variables that might influence the results. Controlled experimentation thus combines the twin features of manipulation (of independent variables) and control (of independent and extraneous variables). In psychological experiments, extraneous variables can seldom be controlled directly. One reason for this is that people differ from one another in ways that affect their behaviour. Even if these individual differences were all known and understood, they could not be suppressed or held constant while the effects of the independent variable was being examined. This seems to rule out the possibility of experimental control in most areas of psychology, but in the 1920s the British statistician Ronald Aylmer Fisher discovered a remarkable solution to this problem, called randomization. To understand the idea behind randomization, imagine that the experimenter wishes to test the hypothesis that the anti-depressive drug Prozac (fluoxetine hydrochloride) causes an increase in aggressiveness. The independent variable is ingestion of Prozac and the dependent variable is a score on some suitable test of aggressiveness. The experimenter could assign subjects to two treatment conditions strictly at random, by drawing their names out of a hat, for example, and could then treat the two groups identically apart from the manipulation of the independent variable. Before being tested for aggressiveness, the experimental group could be given a pill containing Prozac and the control group a placebo (an inactive dummy pill). The effect of the randomization would be to control, at a single stroke, for allextraneous variables, including ones of that the researcher had not even considered. For example, if two-thirds of the subjects were women, then each group would end up roughly two-thirds female, and if some of the subjects had criminal records for offences involving violence, then these people would probably be more or less even divided between the experimental and control groups, especially if the groups were large. Randomization would not guarantee that the two groups would be identical but merely that they would tend to be roughly similar on all extraneous variables. More precisely, randomization would ensure that any differences between the groups were distributed strictly according to the laws of chance. Therefore, if the two groups turned out to differ on the test of aggressiveness, this difference would have to be due either to the independent variable (the effect of Prozac) or to chance. This explains the purpose and function of inferential statistics in psychology. For any specified difference, a statistical test enables a researcher to calculate the probability or odds of a difference as large as that arising by chance alone. In other words, a statistical test tells us the probability of such a large difference arising under the null hypothesisthat the independent variable has no effect. If a difference is observed in an experiment, and if the probability under the null hypothesis of such a large difference arising by chance alone is sufficiently small (by convention, usually less than 5 per cent, often written p . 05), then the researcher is entitled to conclude with confidence that the observed difference is due to the independent variable. This conclusion can be drawn with confidence, because if the difference is not due to chance, then it must be due to the independent variable, provided that the experiment was properly controlled. The logical connection between randomized experimentation and inferential statistics is explained in greater depth in Colman (1988, chap. 4). A grasp of the elements of statistics is necessary for psychologists, because research findings are generally reported in numerical form and analysed statistically. In some areas of psychology, including naturalistic observations and case-studies (see below), qualitative research methods are occasionally used, and research of this kind requires quite different methods of data collection and analysis. For a survey of the relatively uncommon but none the less important qualitative research methods, including ethnography, personal construct approaches, discourse analysis, and action research, see the book by Banister, Burman, Parker, Taylor, and Tindall (1994). In chapter 1 of this volume, David D. Stretch introduces the fundamental ideas behind experimental design in psychology. He begins by explaining the appropriate form of a psychological research question and how incorrectly formulated questions can sometimes be transformed into questions suitable for experimental investigation. He then discusses experimental control, problems of sampling and randomization, issues of interpretability, plausibility, generalizability, and communicability, and proper planning of research. Stretch concludes his chapter with a discussion of the subtle and complex problems of measurement in psychology. He uses an extremely instructive example to show how two different though equally plausible measures of a dependent variable can lead to completely different in fact, mutually contradictory conclusions. Chapter 2, by Brian S. Everitt, is devoted entirely to analysis of variance designs. These are by far the most common research designs in psychology. Everitts discussion covers one-way designs, which involve the manipulation of only one independent variable; factorial designs, in which two or more independent variables are manipulated simultaneously; and within-subject repeated-measure designs, in which instead of being randomly assigned to treatment conditions, the same subjects are used in all conditions. Chapter 2 concludes with a discussion of analysis of covariance, a technique designed to increase the sensitivity of analysis of variance by controlling statistically for one or more extraneous variables called covariates. Analysis of covariance is sometimes used in the hope of compensating for the failure to control extraneous variables by randomization, but Everitt discusses certain problems caused by such use. In chapter 3, A. W. MacRae provides a detailed discussion of the ideas behind statistics, both descriptive and inferential. Descriptive statistics include a variety of methods of summarizing numerical data in ways that make them more easily interpretable, including diagrams, graphs, and numerical summaries such as means (averages), standard deviations (measures of variability), correlations (measures of the degree to which two variables are related to each other), and so forth. Inferential statistical methods are devoted to interpreting data and enabling researchers to decide whether the results of their experiments are statistically significant or may be explained by mere chance. MacRae includes a brief discussion of Bayesian methods, which in contrast to classical statistical methods are designed to answer the more natural question: How likely is it that such-and-such a conclusion is correct? For more information on Bayesian methods, the book by Lee (1989) is strongly recommended: it explains the main ideas lucidly without sidestepping difficulties Inferential Statistics For descriptive statistics such as correlation, the â€Å"mean,† or average, and some others that will be considered in context later in the book, the purpose is to describe or summarize aspects of behavior to understand them better. Inferential statistics start with descriptive ones and go further in allowing researchers to draw meaningful conclusions — especially in experiments. These procedures are beyond the scope of this book, but the basic logic is helpful in understanding how psychologists know what they know. Again recalling Banduras experiment of observational learning of aggression, consider just the model-punished and model-rewarded groups. It was stated that the former children imitated few behaviors and the latter significantly more. What this really means is that, based on statistical analysis, the difference between the two groups was large enough and consistent enough to be unlikely to have occurred simply by â€Å"chance. † That is, it would have been a long shot to obtain the observed difference if what happened to the model wasnt a factor. Thus, Bandura and colleagues discounted the possibility of chance alone and concluded that what the children saw happen to the model was the cause of the difference in their behavior. Psychologists study what people tend to do in a given situation, recognizing that not all people will behave as predicted — just as the children in the model-rewarded group did not all imitate all the behaviors. In a nutshell, the question is simply whether a tendency is strong enough — as assessed by statistics — to warrant a conclusion about cause and effect. This logic may seem puzzling to you, and it isnt important that you grasp it to understand the many experiments that are noted throughout this book. Indeed, it isnt mentioned again. The point of mentioning it at all is to underscore that people are far less predictable than chemical reactions and the like, and therefore have to be studied somewhat differently — usually without formulas. 1. 1 Determine appropriate measures based on an operational definition for research tools. Researchers utilize the method of operational definition to better tailor their research. They must know what all of the variables are, how to measure these variables and how they fit into the study. They must make sure that they are actually studying what they say they are studying. The definitions/parameters of the variables must be strictly defined. 1. 2 Select appropriate data collection methods to investigate psychological research problems. The research methods and the way all experimentations are collected must be done in a scientific, logical and ethical manner. Most research methods are either non-experimental, experimental, or quasi-experimental. These are separated by the number and extent of the of controls used. The controls help to account for the effect of variable use on the non-control or experiment group. 1. Examine the differences between descriptive and inferential statistics and their use in the social sciences. When a chart or graph (the shape of a distribution) is described in words, then one is using â€Å"descriptive statistics†. These descriptions can help to summarize and analyze a large amount of data. With inferential statistics researchers/psychologists use the information/data to infer or to make a conclusion based on the dat a from the research. â€Å"Probability† is derived from inferential statistics. How probable is it that a person will act a certain way can be answered through inferential/probability studies. REFERENCES: Aron, A. , Aron, E. , ; Coups, E. (2006). Statistics for psychology (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Allyn Bacon. Cowens, J. (2006). The scientific method. Teaching PreK-8, 37(1), 42. Hawthorne, G. (2003). The effect of different methods of collecting data: Mail, telephone and filter data collection issues in utility measurement. Quality of Life Research, 12(8), 1081. McPherson, G. R. (2001). Teaching ; learning the scientific method. The American Biology Teacher, 63(4), 242. .

Schizophrenia and Dopamine Hypothesis Essay Example

Schizophrenia and Dopamine Hypothesis Essay Example Schizophrenia and Dopamine Hypothesis Essay Schizophrenia and Dopamine Hypothesis Essay Yale Alexia Abnormal Psychology 2013FA-PSY-241-1 Tuesday/Thursday 9a. m. 10/9/13 Schizophrenia And the Dopamine Hypothesis INTRO Men will always be mad and those who think the can cure them are the maddest of all. (Volaire, 1759) Schizophrenia, aka the cancer of psychology, has become a vast mystery for psychologist. It accounts for 80% of long-term hospital stays. Even with the conveniences of modern technology we still have yet to be able to discover the true cure for the disorder. There are several unique biological, environmental, and developmental factors that help influence the likelihood of obtaining Schizophrenia. One major influence making its way into spotlight is Dopamine. Multiple studies have shown that an abnormal level of the neurotransmitter Dopamine can indeed be related back to a significant increase in ones likelihood of being diagnosed with Schizophrenia (Creese, Burt, Snyder, 1976). Thus creating the dopamine hypothesis. There are numerous facts that help support the dopamine hypothesis as a significant cause to being diagnosed with Schizophrenia. The main supporting factors for the dopamine hypothesis include evidence from illicit drug use, neuroimaging, and a roup of drugs called phenothiazines. DEFINED Schizophrenia is a mental disorder in which your personal, social, and occupational lives deteriorate as a result from its characteristics that lead to a breakdown of cognitive, emotional, and motor responses. Symptoms of Schizophrenia usually begin to appear during young childhood. The most common symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, social withdrawal, and loss of motivation and Judgment. There are three different categories that symptoms can be classified into: positive symptoms symptoms that appear to be in excess of ehavior, emotion, and/or bizarre additions to normal thoughts; negative symptoms symptoms that are in deficit when compared to normal thoughts, behaviors, and emotions; and lastly psychomotor symptoms symptoms dealing with unusual movements or gesturers. Both positive and negative symptoms are typically common, however, one or the other types will typically dominate patients (Keefe Eesley, 2012). ETIOLOGY The etiology of Schizophrenia is commonly attributed to genetics, but environmental factors such as, developmental complications and drug use, that also influence the occurrence rate. Finding an individuals main cause of the disorder can often prove challenging because of the difficulty in telling the separation between the effects of genetics and the environment (Picchioni, Murray, 2007). Having a first- degree relative will set you at a 6. 5% chance of being diagnosed with the disorder. It is thought that there is most likely numerous genes that go into play when it comes to Schizophrenia. There are no known major affecting genes that cause this disorder, but more likely a number of genes with their own small effect and unknown expression. This creates much difficulty when trying to pinpoint the specific related enes (McLaren, Silins, and Hutchingson, 2010). It is believed that people with Schizophrenia are more likely to be born during the winter or spring, if they live in the northern hemisphere. This is thought to be because, while pregnant, Mothers are put at an increased risk of viral exposure to the womb, by things such as infections and hypoxia. Stress and malnutrition can also lead to a slight increase in the risk of the development of Schizophrenia later on in life. As either a child or an adult living in an urban environment, especially when living in poverty, has been found to largely increase your chances of being diagnosed ith this disorder. Having a positive social life and living with supportive parents has been shown to increase the overall well being of the patient (Picchioni, Murray, 2007). The last major factor that influences the diagnosis of Schizophrenia is drug use. Around half of the people who are diagnosed with Schizophrenia also use and abuse drugs and or alcohol. Amphetamines, cocaine, and marijuana are thought to be the major contributors (Picchioni, Murray, 2007; McLaren, Silins, and Hutchingson, 2010). These drugs especially, are associated with the dopamine hypothesis, which will be iscussed later on in greater depth. Other drugs, such as alcohol, may possibly be used as Just a way to cope with the depression, boredom, and loneliness that often follow along with the disorder. RATE/INCIDENCE Approximately 1% of the worlds population is affected by this disorder. That means over 24 million people worldwide have had Schizophrenia at some point in their lives (Van Os J Kapur S, 2009). However, this rate can vary up to threefold according to geographical location. It is 1. 4 times more likely to occur in males than females and usually appears earlier in life for men. People who have biological elatives are at a heightened risk of obtaining Schizophrenia (Coon Mitterer, 2007). Having an identical twin or being the child of two parents with the disorder puts you at an 46%/48% chance of developing the disorder. DIANOSIS Observing ones behavior, as well as listening to the patients past reported experiences, is the most common method of diagnosis. According to the DSM-Vto be diagnosed with Schizophrenia, over a one-month period, you have to experience at least two separate symptoms long enough to become abnormal. At least one of these symptoms has to be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speec h. In the evelopment of Schizophrenia there are three different stages: acute, residual, and prodromal stage (Barnett, 2009). The first stage of Schizophrenia is the prodromal stage. This stage refers to the year before the illness appears in which people start showing signs of the disorder. Often they start to isolate themselves from friends and family and have decreased motivation or bunted emotions. The second stage is the acute stage. In this stage someone will start experiencing psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, or overly disorganized behavior. This stage shows that the person has fully development the disorder. The third and final stage is the residual stage. This stage is very similar to the prodromal stage. People who are in this stage do not appear psychotic but they may still have strange beliefs and or other negative symptoms such as low energy or lack of emotions (American Medical Network, 2009). TREATMENT To help manage Schizophrenia patients are most often prescribed antipsychotic medications, usually along with psychological help and social support groups (Van Os J, Kapur S, 2009). Since the 1950s, when deinstitutionalization came about, long hospital stays have largely become a thing of the past, although sometimes they do till occur; which depending on the severity of the disorder, can be either voluntary or involuntary. Most antipsychotics reduce the positive symptoms in around 1-2 weeks. So that will get rid, or at least help control, all of the extra crazy sights and sounds. However, there is no significant improvement when it comes to the negative symptoms as well as most of the cognitive dysfunctions (Tandon, Keshavan, Nasrallah, 2008). As long as the patient stays on the medication they should have a largely decreased chance of relapse. Beyond 2-3 years research shows that the antipsychotics may become inconsistent with the significance of the benefits. Based on the costs, benefits, and risks of the medication, a person diagnosed with Schizophrenia would be prescribed with one of two different classes of antipsychotics; either typical, or atypical antipsychotics. Both classes have an equal dropout and relapse rate so it is very debatable as to which class is better than the other. As with many major medications there are separate negative side effects that are associated with the two classes. Antipsychotics in the typical class, such as Haldol, Thorazine, and Prolizin, often have a high rate of extrapyramidal side effects; he major one being tardive dyskinesia (TD)- causing involuntary movements most often affecting the facial region. Patients may not even notice these movements. The newer medications in the atypical class, such as Abilify, Risperdal, and Seroquel, have a much lower risk of TD, but patients will often have a significant increase in body weight gain. Also, if given at too high of a dosage, patients may experience social withdrawal as well as have body tremors/movements that get very close to resembling Parkinsons disease (National Institute Of Mental Health, 2006). PREVENTION Schizophrenia is a disorder with no reliable distinctions for the development of the disease (Cannon, Comblatt, Mcgorry, 2007). This creates an issue for early detection and prevention. There is indecisive evidence as to the effectiveness of early interventions to prevent Schizophrenia (Marshall, Rathbone, 2006). While still in the prodromal phase, it is uncertain that attempting to prevent Schizophrenia is of any benefit and therefore as of 2009 is not recommended. After a year, cognitive behavioral therapy is able to decrease the chance of psychosis in those patients that re of high risk of obtaining the disorder (Stafford MR, Jackson H, Mayo-Wilson E, Morrison AP, Kendall T, 2013). Another preventive measure, that is widely accepted, is staying away from drugs that are thought to be able to cause the disorder, such as meth, coke, and marijuana. This preventive method is also known as the Hugs Not Drugs method (Hugsnotdrugs. com, 2013). PROGNOSIS Schizophrenia can become extremely disabling. Being ranked as the 3rd highest disabling condition in the world, placing Schizophrenia higher up on the list than blindness and paraplegia (Ustun, 1999). Studies have shown that people who are iagnosed more at risk to commit suicide. However, this higher risk of suicide is not significant being as low as only 4. % most likely; most commonly occurring at the beginning of facilitation when they are undergoing extreme stress (Hor k, Taylor M, 2010). Although life expectancy has increased in recent decades, people with Schizophrenia on average have a 12-15 year decrease in life expectancy compared to the normal population. There are three major factors that contribute to the lo wer life expectancy: a lazy/low activity life style, obesity, and smoking cigarettes (Van Os J, Kapur, 2009). Of people diagnosed with Schizophrenia, about % have a continuing disability and problems with relapses. About 17 million people in the world are living with a moderate or severe disability from the disorder. However there are patients that do recover completely and many others are still able to function well in everyday society. Very often people with Schizophrenia are also heavy smokers. Anywhere from 80-90% of Schizophrenic people smoke cigarettes. This is very significant compared to the 20% of people who smoke from the general population. When Schizophrenic people smoke, they tend to smoke very heavy and hard as well as ypically only smoking cigarettes with high nicotine content (APA, 2002, pg. 304). Excess tobacco smoking will of course lead to a higher health risk that contributes to the lower life expectancy. There has yet to be an exact solid answer as to why Schizophrenic people more commonly smoke cigarettes. DOPAMINE D2 The Dopamine hypothesis is a model that states that certain factors, which of whom have been known to create abnormally excessive levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, have been linked to a significantly increased risk of being diagnosed with Schizophrenia. These abnormal levels of dopamine result from eurons firing too often that make use of dopamine as a neurotransmitter. This causes an uneven shift in the two-way communication within the brain, and sends too many messages at once, in turn producing symptoms that are common to Schizophrenia (Grace, Abi-Dargham, 2011). As more and more studies are being completed, this hypothesis is continuing to provide an evolving basis to help psychologists understand as to how this disorder originates, and how to create better treatments for patients. This theory however, does not solely hold excessive dopamine levels as an absolute and complete explanation for Schizophrenia. The ver activation of the D2 receptors seem to also be a widespread effect of abnormal chemical synapsis. This theory obtained further support during the mid-1970s when Creese made the connection that antipsychotic drugs had a significant ability to block dopamine D2 receptors (creese, Burt, snyder, 1976). METHAMPHETAMINES In recent decades Amphetamines, especially crystal meth, have become widely popular with the more deviant of our societies. There are of course many negative repercussions that affect ones health with the abuse of methamphetamines. The worst of which, is methamphetamines highly addictive properties. When dministered Methamphetamine at significant dosages, the drug becomes neurotoxic specifically to dopamine neurons (Cruickshank, Dyer, 2009). The connection wasnt made until 1966 when Rossum proposed that the hyperactivity of dopamine transmission could responsible for the disorder of Schizophrenia (Rossum, 1966). Rossum also looked back a few years and used Carlsson and Lindqvists research on mice, finding that dopamine plays an important role in the functioning of the extrapyramidal motor system (Carlsson, Lindqvist, 1963). In a study that reviewed hospital records of patients, that were diagnosed with drug dependence/abuse, and dmitted between 1990-2000, they found that people who were hospitalized for methamphetamines had 1. 5-3x more likely chance of being diagnosed at the end of the study with Schizophrenia (Wood, 2011). This statistic of diagnosis being up to 3x more likely to occur with meth use should alone be able to make the effects very noticeable. Since methamphetamines create an influx of dopamine levels, you can easily make the connection that dopamine and Schizophrenia are closely related. During an interview in 2004, Dr. Heather Keizer, a psychiatrist, referred to methamphetamine as the on switch for Schizophrenia (Cudworth, 2005). She also described how even after they (the clinicians) could get the patient cleaned up, and eliminate the drugs from their system but theyd still be psychotic. Often within the year she would diagnose them with Schizophrenia. Again this provides substantial evidence that methamphetamines effect on dopamine is responsible for numerous diagnosis of Schizophrenia. CANNABIS Cannabis has a similar affect on dopamine levels, in turn making it plausible to relate the use of the drug to Schizophrenia. The percentage of people who have been diagnosed Schizophrenia and make use of cannabis is higher than that of the eneral population (Lynch, Rabin, and George, 2012). A whopping 25% of patients with Schizophrenia can be diagnosed with either cannabis abuse or dependence. Information from several cohort studies provided addition evidence of dopamines link to Schizophrenia. Their findings showed that when compared to nonusers, people who used cannabis had a 40% more likely chance of psychosis. This risk was also dose-related, showing that psychotic symptoms had up to a 200% increased chance of appearing in users who made use of cannabis on the regular (Lynch, Rabin, and George, 2012). Again this goes to show that drugs affecting dopamine levels have a significantly obvious relation to an increase in diagnosis of Schizophrenia. If we look at the classical study, started in 1969 of a little more than 50,000 Swedish conscripts, we can have a glimpse at some of the more extreme links cannabis has to Schizophrenia. They found that if you used cannabis more than 50 times, you were nearly SEVEN times more likely to eventually develop Schizophrenia (Andreasson, Allebeck, and Rydberg, 1987). This statistic shows how even a small cannabis consumption can have adverse effects and has more than enough power to shock ny associate of mine that regularly uses cannabis; as well as making them prone to question thetr sanity. PHENOTHIAZINES Phenothiazines are the largest of the five 5 major classes of neuroleptic antipsychotic drugs. Theyre known for their antipsychotic properties and are often associated with severe side effects. These antipsychotics have been found to antagonize dopamine binding, specifically at the D2 dopamine receptors (Creese, Burt, and Snyder, 1976). This effect causes a reduction in the positive psychotic symptoms that people with Schizophrenia experience. So yet again you have a substance influencing Schizophrenia by affecting the brains dopamine receptors. These findings lead to the eventual usage of other antipsychotic classes that included drugs such as Haloperidol. Patients with Schizophrenia are almost always treated with a prescription of antipsychotics, and why is that? Because they work; and the reason they have been proven effective at combating the symptoms of Schizophrenia is because they influence and block dopamine receptors. Which of course helps support the legitimacy of the dopamine hypothesis. NEUROIMAGING Neuroimaging is used as a research tool to measure certain aspects of the brain nd specific mental functions. This comes in use when observing the effects of drugs on the brain. This method came about in the early 1980s and made many improvements on our knowledge of how substances affect our body. This came in use in providing evidence for the dopamine hypothesis, when it was used during a study done in 1986. By comparing neuroimages of a normalized control group to that of people diagnosed with Schizophrenia, they were able to indicate to effects of amphetamines on the brain. They found that people diagnosed with Schizophrenia had increased levels of dopamine, especially in the striatum, when compared to non- sychotic individuals Oacobs, Silverstone, 1986). These images prove that over activity of dopamine is directly linked to being diagnosed with Schizophrenia. CONCLUSION Schizophrenia is an extremely damaging disorder, in which psychologists still have much to learn about the etiology and treatments. In the United States alone, the disorder cost the country nearly $63 billion in 2002 (Wu Eq, 2002). In recent decades studies have conclusively shown that excessive activity in D2 receptors is definitely associated with the onset of Schizophrenia. Support for the dopamine hypothesis is idely shown and proved by studies done on illicit drug use, and the class of drugs called phenothiazines, as well as the development of neuroimaging help provide substantial evidence. With this vast amount of factual information, it is hard to argue against the legitimacy of the dopamine hypothesis. Lastly, the reoccurring motif that you should take home if you want to avoid becoming Schizophrenic is: Dont do drugs. WORKS CITED Cudworth, Laura. Crystal Meth and Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia. com. Schizophrenia Daily News Blog, 6 July 2005. Web. 27 Oct. 2013. Wood, Janice. Heavvy Meth Use May Up Risk of Schizophrenia I Psych Central News. Psych Central. com. PsychCentral, 9 Nov. 2011. Web. 27 Oct. 2013. Freeman, David. Methamphetamine Tied to Schizophrenia. Cbsnews. com. CBS News, 8 Nov. 011. Web. 27 Oct. 2013. Comer, Ronald J. Fundamentals of Abnormal Psychology. New York: Worth, 2014. Print. Keefe Eesly, 2012, Neurocognitive Impairments. J. A. 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Effect Of Chlorpromazine Or Haloperidol On Formation of 3Methoxytyramine and Normetanephrine In Mouse Brain. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol (Copenh) . 1963 Jan 1. Nov. 14. 2013. Rossum. Significance of Dopamine-receptor Blockade for the Mechanism of Action of Neuroleptic Drugs. PubMed. gov. U. S. National Library of Medicine, Apr. 1966. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. Abi-Dargham, and Grace. 20. Dopamine and Schizophrenia. Onlinelibrarywiley. com. Wiley Online Library, 8 Mar. 2011. Web. 04 Nov. 2013. Wu EQ. The economic burden of schizophrenia in the United States in 2002. J Clin Psychiatry. 14 Nov. 2013. Lynch, Rabin, and George. The Cannabis-psychosis Link. PsychiatricTimes. com. Psychiatric Times, 12 Jan. 2012. Web. 02 Nov. 2013. Andreasson, Allebeck, and Rydberg. Cannabis and Schizophrenia. A Longitudinal Study of Swedish Conscripts. PubMed. gov. U. S. National Library of Medicine, 26 Dec. 1987. web. 05 NOV. 2013. Jacobs, D. , and T. Silverstone. Dextroamphetamine-induced Arousal in Human Subjects as a Model for Mania. Psychological Medicine 16. 02 (1986): 323. Print.